Saturday, September 27, 2025
Reviews the 3Rs – the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of laboratory animal use. Key replacement examples include the use of structure-activity relationships and expert systems, cell cultures, the ‘human on a chip’, gene chips, and strategies to increase the predictivity and safety of human clinical trials. Key reduction examples include statistical calculation of sample sizes and international harmonisation of test guidelines. Key refinement examples include the use of pain-killers, anaesthetics, and environmental enrichment.