Tuesday, September 30, 2025
Summarises animal welfare concerns associated with the transport of animals by sea, air and land. The greatest concerns are associated with the sea transport of livestock from Australia. This is explored in some detail. Welfare problems include those caused by failure to eat during shipping, poor hygiene, crowding, disease, physical injuries, and heat stroke. Leading causes of death are summarised. Road transportation also provides a significant focus, and strategies for mitigating associated welfare problems are explored.